{
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "title": "United States data-center electricity use",
  "geography": "United States",
  "unit": "TWh/year",
  "quantity": "Annual electricity consumption, including IT equipment and infrastructure",
  "estimate": true,
  "source": {
    "publisher": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory / U.S. Department of Energy",
    "title": "United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update",
    "published": "2026-06-18",
    "reportNumber": "LBNL-2001758",
    "doi": "10.71468/P1RP4F",
    "url": "https://www.energy.gov/documents/united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report-2025-update",
    "landingPage": "https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/united-states-data-center-energy-2025",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0"
  },
  "method": {
    "extraction": "Manual transcription of exact prose and Table 2; no plot digitization, interpolation or imputed annual observations.",
    "model": "Bottom-up equipment shipments, per-device power models, cooling simulations, facility types and locations. Historical values are modeled estimates, not a national metered total.",
    "cutoff": "2024 is the last historical year; 2025 onward include projections.",
    "scope": "Servers, storage, network equipment and infrastructure; cryptocurrency mining excluded.",
    "scenarios": "The 2030 rows are alternative outcomes for the same population and year; never add them. Compounded low/high are stress-test scenarios, not confidence bounds or probabilities.",
    "missingYears": "No values supplied here for intervening years. Paths between anchors must be explicitly schematic, not an estimated annual series.",
    "shares": "Historical share uses total 2024 U.S. electricity; 2030 shares use NERC forecast denominator.",
    "vintage": "June 2026 update revises historical values; do not silently splice older LBNL or IEA series.",
    "geometry": "Common zero-based linear TWh scale for all nine values. The display may encode extent or count, never construction spending."
  },
  "rows": [
    {
      "id": "historical-2024",
      "year": 2024,
      "scenario": "Historical estimate",
      "twh": 192,
      "shareUsElectricityPct": 4.7,
      "status": "historical_estimate",
      "estimate": true,
      "sourceLocation": "p.8"
    },
    {
      "id": "reference-2028",
      "year": 2028,
      "scenario": "Reference Case",
      "twh": 464,
      "shareUsElectricityPct": null,
      "status": "projection",
      "estimate": true,
      "sourceLocation": "p.8"
    },
    {
      "id": "reference-2030",
      "year": 2030,
      "scenario": "Reference Case",
      "twh": 649,
      "shareUsElectricityPct": 11.8,
      "status": "projection",
      "estimate": true,
      "sourceLocation": "Table 2, p.9"
    },
    {
      "id": "consolidated-2030",
      "year": 2030,
      "scenario": "Consolidated Deployment",
      "twh": 578,
      "shareUsElectricityPct": 10.5,
      "status": "projection",
      "estimate": true,
      "sourceLocation": "Table 2, p.9"
    },
    {
      "id": "asic-2030",
      "year": 2030,
      "scenario": "High ASIC",
      "twh": 664,
      "shareUsElectricityPct": 12.1,
      "status": "projection",
      "estimate": true,
      "sourceLocation": "Table 2, p.9"
    },
    {
      "id": "lifetime-2030",
      "year": 2030,
      "scenario": "Low Accelerator Lifetime",
      "twh": 590,
      "shareUsElectricityPct": 10.7,
      "status": "projection",
      "estimate": true,
      "sourceLocation": "Table 2, p.9"
    },
    {
      "id": "inference-2030",
      "year": 2030,
      "scenario": "High Inference Energy",
      "twh": 782,
      "shareUsElectricityPct": 14.2,
      "status": "projection",
      "estimate": true,
      "sourceLocation": "Table 2, p.9"
    },
    {
      "id": "low-2030",
      "year": 2030,
      "scenario": "Compounded Uncertainty—Low",
      "twh": 521,
      "shareUsElectricityPct": 9.5,
      "status": "projection",
      "estimate": true,
      "sourceLocation": "Table 2, p.9"
    },
    {
      "id": "high-2030",
      "year": 2030,
      "scenario": "Compounded Uncertainty—High",
      "twh": 843,
      "shareUsElectricityPct": 15.3,
      "status": "projection",
      "estimate": true,
      "sourceLocation": "Table 2, p.9"
    }
  ]
}